Public Health Care in Australia - 1201 Words

Equal care is the fundamental objective of all health care systems. However, there are still inequities when it comes to medical and non-medical services, especially for those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged. Access and equity are the processes to ensure equal opportunity of resources in medical and non-medical services, removing barriers to providing a fair and consistent service irrespective of an individual’s background, socio-economical status, age and abilities. Consumer participation can be defined as the active involvement of health consumers in making decisions about their health care services, whether that is planning, service development, delivery methods or evaluations. There are three stages in which patrons are†¦show more content†¦A major challenge in Australia is the recruitment and retention of health care workers and remote areas as majorities of health care professionals live and work in the metropolitan areas. In spite of attempts to recruit more health workers, the availability of health care is still insufficient. In correlation to the decreased number of health care workers, there has been an increase in the amount of people who have chronic diseases such as strokes and heart attacks. Methadone is a program designed to help opioid dependents since 1969. With the rise in crimes and deaths related to opioid use, the Australian government maintained a methadone program which was endorsed in 1985 as an effective treatment (Health.gov.au, 2014). Despite the efforts made by the government to contain the unsanctioned use of opioids, there remains a significant gap in the system which was intended predominantly to respond to the risks posed to opioid addicts. The crack in the methadone program was only brought to light after an incident whereby an ‘intellectually disabled 16-year-old girl died after using methadone in combination with other drugs’ (Spooner, 2013). It was then called for an urgent review after further suspicions of other people dying of overdose on drugs that were only supplied by programs. In light of the incident, the Health Department has taken on recommendations to improve the implementation of health care, which in this case is the methad one program. There are aShow MoreRelatedThe United States And Australia1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States and Australia are both industrialized countries with both English-speaking populations with challenges of providing health care coverage. Differences and similarities can be found in both countries with regards to the health care system. Both have government programs such as Medicare that is designed for the population in different circumstances, and both populations use private insurance. With the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, the United States is attempting toRead MoreThe Role Of Governmental Public Health Agencies Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesHealth care is the true measure of a country is how a country responds to the health of its people. A country that has a strong emphasis on its health care and focuses the delivery of that care speaks volumes of that country. In this paper, we will be comparing and contrasting the role of governmental publi c health agencies in two different countries. While looking at these similarities and differences in the way two countries operate their individual, healthcare systems, we will also equate theRead MoreA Brief Note On The United States And Australia1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States and Australia are industrialized countries with English-speaking populations, and they face the challenge of providing citizens with health care coverage. 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Structure In the term of health care system structure, thereRead MoreOral Health System Of Australia Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesLITERATURE REVIEW 1. Oral health system in Australia A health system defined as ‘all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore and/or maintain health’ (WHO 2013). A good health system is indicated by its capability to delivers quality services, when and where the people need them (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2014). Australia’s health-care system is a combination of public welfare and private market provision (Willis, Reynolds Keleher 2009). There are multiple

The Fence Between Bonnie And Amanda s Property - 1869 Words

The issues generated in consideration of the contested property line between Bonnie and Amanda’s property include: i) Conventional boundaries: Does the fence between Bonnie and Amanda’s house constitute a conventional boundary? ii) Improvements by Mistake of Title: Whether the improvements made by Bonnie constitute an entitlement to the land. i) Conventional Boundaries In circumstances where the true location of a boundary is unascertainable, the conventional line doctrine provides abutting property owners the ability to create one. After a conventional boundary has been legitimately established, Robertson v. Alberta provides that the property owners maintain the security to rely on the boundary to lawfully develop the land under the†¦show more content†¦In fact, the previous Kardashian owners assumed that the fence was an accurate indication of the property line, which they thought was located directly between the houses and therefore never attempted to ascertain the actual location of the boundary. If the uncertainty of the boundary was never acknowledged, the principles found in Bea v. Robinson finds that a conventional boundary could not be existing because was no attempt to ascertain the actual boundary. Bea v. Robinson states that this attempt is a mandatory element in the foundation of a conventional boundary. Even in the presence o f strong evidence that the boundary was agreed upon and treated as a boundary, it seems likely that the test for conventional boundaries must fail in consideration of the fact that the surveyor Amanda hired was able to ascertain the true boundaries which were not consistent with that of the fence. If the doctrine of conventional lines fails, the â€Å"foundational principle† (lecture) of estoppel provides no security for Bonnie in the reliance on the boundary to build. ii) Improvements by Mistake of Title Under the conditions that a person genuinely believes land is their own and is mistaken, statue law provides an equitable remedy when individuals have invested in â€Å"lasting improvements† to the land. The Improvements Under Mistake of Title Act, R.S.S. (1978)

Software Testing Strategies and Current Issues †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Software Testing Strategies and Current Issues. Answer: Introduction: To understand standards in Software Testing, there is a need to look into viewpoints related to producers and that of customers. A standard governs quality of particular software and thus this can be considered as good thing from customer viewpoint. Standards are in the form of published documents that specifies procedures and standards to ensure quality of software and also ensures safety and reliability of it (Fuggetta Di Nitto, 2014). The research paper that is chosen discusses the growth or evolution of software testing. It highlights the fact that as penetration of computers increased, cost of software failure also increased and this resulted in the growth of testing. The paper outlines major testing models and discusses national standards for software (Gelperin Hetzel, 1988). The paper refers to ANSI/IEEE standard. There are many standards under ANSI/IEEE standard. This report will focus on IEEE 1008 unit testing standard. The will then try to answer some specific questions a bout the chosen standard. The first paragraph will provide the standard name. IEEE 1008 unit testing standard is the chosen standard. This paragraph will provide details about copyright holder for the given standard. A task group of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) technical committee holds the copy right for this standard. In short, IEEE is the copyright holder ("1008-1987 - IEEE Standard for Software Unit Testing - IEEE Standard", 2018). IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic engineers) was the sole contributor for this standard. There was a working group within the IEEE which was responsible for framing the standard. This portion will clarify about the scope of the standard. Before presenting the scope, there is a need to understand software unit testing. This is a level of software testing. In this level, individual units or components of particular software are tested. Unit testing is done for the sole purpose of validating that each unit of software is functioning as designed (Ammann Offutt, 2016). A smallest testable part of software is unit. There are usually few inputs and this result in a single output. For programming that is procedural, a unit is a function, procedure or an individual program. In case of object oriented programming the smallest unit is a method (Kim et al., 2013). The reason for this explanation is to make the concept of unit testing clear as IEEE 1008 deals with unit testing. The primary aim of this standard is to specify an approach that is standard to software unit testing and this can be used as a basic framework for safe software engineering practice. The second ob jective for this standard is to describe concepts relating to software engineering and testing assumptions on which this standard is based on. The third scope for this standard is to assist with information for implementation and also to provide guidance. This paragraph will mention some key concepts that will help in understanding the standard. Since, this deals with IEEE 1008 standard, users need to understand unit testing in detail to implement the standard. As mentioned earlier unit testing is testing of individual components of software. Unit testing is performed by using white box testing method. Unit testing forms the first level of software testing and this performed before integration testing (Jan et al., 2016). Unit testing is basically performed by developers or by independent software testers. Unit testing task includes three parts namely Unit test plan, unit test cases and unit test. Under Unit test plan there are four components- prepare, review, rework and baseline. Under unit test cases there are also four components- Prepare, Review, Rework and baseline. For the last part that is Unit test, it has only one component that is Perform. Unit testing is done widely as there are several benefits. The first benefit of unit t esting is that it increases confidence in maintaining code. There is a possibility that when good unit tests are framed, users will be able catch any defects when they are run when a code is being changed. Because of unit testing, codes are more reusable. Codes need to be modular for making unit testing possible. Development is much faster when unit testing is implemented. Writing a test takes considerable time but that time is compensated since it takes much less time to run the test. When there is a defect, cost of fixing that defect is lesser when compared to defects found at higher levels ("Unit Testing - Software Testing Fundamentals", 2018). In case of Unit testing, debugging is very easy. If a test fails, developer needs to debug only the latest changes. Lastly, for unit testing codes are more reliable when compared to other levels. This portion will highlight what this standard does. This standard is in the form of a document which was developed by IEEE standards association board. IEEE 1008 standard was developed through a consensus development process which was further approved by American national standard Institute ("IEEE 1008-1987 - IEEE Standard for Software Unit Testing", 2018). This standard was made to ensure quality during unit testing of software. This standard emphasizes some key concepts and this will be discussed. The first one is integrity levels. This standard defines four integrity levels that range from high integrity to low integrity. This basically describes the importance software based system and software to the user. The second point mentions that rigor and integrity is applied to testing tasks. Intensity and rigor that is applied to a testing task vary according to integrity levels (Yue et al., 2016). This actually means that greater intensity is required for higher integrity levels. Int ensity mainly includes broader scope of testing across abnormal and normal operating system. And for rigor, it includes recording procedures and formal techniques. The third thing that this standard does is that it specifies criteria which are detailed in nature for testing tasks. For each testing tasks, a specific criteria is defined such as recommending minimum criteria such as consistency, correctness, accuracy, completeness, testability and readability. Required task inputs and outputs are included in testing task description (Singh et al., 2013). The fourth point is systems viewpoint and this includes minimum testing tasks which are recommended must respond to system issues. Finally, the standard also specifies the selection of test documentation. Based on testing task associated with integrity level, content topics and type of test documentation needs to be selected. The relevance that this standard brings to the table for software testing is immense. This standard specifies an approach which is integrated. It defines the approach to documented unit testing and systematic unit testing. Unit design, unit requirements and unit implementation is used for determining completeness for testing ("1008-1987 - IEEE Standard for Software Unit Testing | Engineering360", 2018). Testing process here is composed of multiple phases, tasks and activities. Minimum set of tasks for each activity is defined. This standard can be applied to unit testing for any computer software and also applies to testing of modified and developed units (Myers, Sandler Badgett, 2014). For the above mentioned reasons the relevance of this standard still counts to this day. Discussion based on the research paper The paper mentions that the development of IEEE standard was considered as a sign of professional maturity. However, the research paper mentioned few drawbacks of the implementation of the standard. Task group within the IEEE were tasked to frame the standard. The best practices at that time were not standardized by the task group and instead that task group tried to reach consensus on how the documentation for the test should be done. A system of data structures was documentation and it was perceived like that. Major difference exists between current practice and test documents which were defined in the standard and this difference can be found out in the definition of the test plan. Several test plans includes design and planning issues. Because of planning issues strategy choices are limited. The research paper further implies that the unit testing standard requires test summary report and test design specification. The research paper further states visibility is the biggest diffe rence between current practice and the standard. As far as commonalities are concerned, the research paper describes that the standard specifies activities, tasks, documents and phases that builds a unit testing effort. It also mentions that the standard for unit testing stresses on the need for designing a test set. Conclusion: Based on findings and research it was found out that standard IEEE 1008 was framed specifically for unit testing. It was also found out through thorough research that to implement the standard users need to be aware of unit testing concepts. Unit testing concepts and why it is beneficial for software testing have been explained in detail. The report carefully addresses seven questions relating to the standard. The scope, copyright information and the relevance of the standard have been addressed. Some drawbacks were identified with the help of research paper. Therefore, it can be concluded that the relevance of IEEE 1008 standard is huge and the user needs to be aware of this standard to implement it in case of software testing. References: Gelperin, D., Hetzel, B. (1988). The growth of software testing.Communications of the ACM,31(6), 687-695. 1008-1987 - IEEE Standard for Software Unit Testing - IEEE Standard. (2018).Ieeexplore.ieee.org. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/27763/ Ammann, P., Offutt, J. (2016).Introduction to software testing. Cambridge University Press. Kim, Y., Kim, Y., Kim, T., Lee, G., Jang, Y., Kim, M. (2013, November). Automated unit testing of large industrial embedded software using concolic testing. InAutomated Software Engineering (ASE), 2013 IEEE/ACM 28th International Conference on(pp. 519-528). IEEE. Jan, S. R., Shah, S. T. U., Johar, Z. U., Shah, Y., Khan, F. (2016). An Innovative Approach to Investigate Various Software Testing Techniques and Strategies.International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJSRSET), Print ISSN, 2395-1990. Unit Testing - Software Testing Fundamentals. (2018).Software Testing Fundamentals. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/unit-testing/ IEEE 1008-1987 - IEEE Standard for Software Unit Testing. (2018).Standards.ieee.org. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1008-1987.html Yue, T., Ali, S., Zhang, M., Pradhan, D. (2016). Standardization Bodies and Standards Relevant for Uncertainty Modelling.Simula Research Laboratory, Technical Report,5, 2016. Singh, S., Kaur, A., Sharma, K., Srivastava, S. (2013). Software testing strategies and current issues in embedded software systems.International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research,3(4), 1342-1357. 1008-1987 - IEEE Standard for Software Unit Testing | Engineering360. (2018).Reference.globalspec.com. Retrieved 16 April 2018, from https://reference.globalspec.com/standard/9721/1008-1987 Myers, G. J., Sandler, C., Badgett, T. (2014).The art of software testing. John Wiley Sons. Fuggetta, A., Di Nitto, E. (2014, May). Software process. InProceedings of the on Future of Software Engineering(pp. 1-12). ACM.